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Berlinmurens fald

Linkbox om Berlinmurens historie, dens fald i november 1989 og stalinismens sammenbrud i Østeuropa.
(Tidsskriftcentret, påbegyndt nov. 2009)

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Aftenen 9. november 1989 faldt muren i Berlin, da befolkningen fik lov til udrejse. Selve Berlin-muren blev først fjernet senere. Her er samlet links om Berlinmurens historie og især - på engelsk - om den politiske og historiske betydning af murens fald.

Leksikon-artikler

- Berlinmuren (Leksikon.org)
- Murens fald + Berlinmuren (Denstoredanske.dk)
- Berlinmuren (Wikipedia.dk)
- Berlin Wall (Wikipedia.org)
- Monday demonstrations in East Germany (Wikipedia.org)
Se også:
- Timeline: 1989 (Socialism Today, Issue 133, November 2009)
- Timeline: how the wall was stopped (International Socialism, Issue 124, Autumn 2009)
- 1989: Timeline of revolution (Socialist Worker, Issue 2176, 7 November 2009)
- A division through time (The New York Times, November 9, 2009). Med fotogalleri om Berlinmuren før og nu.

Artikler

- Berlinmuren skabte balance i Europa (Information.dk, 12. august 2011)
"Vesten havde om ikke ønsket Muren, så dog affundet sig med den som en mulig løsning på den konstante konflikt om Berlin, skriver Per Øhrgaard i en personlig beretning i anledning af 50-års-dagen for opførelsen af ’den antifascistiske beskyttelsesvold’."
- 20 years since the reunification of Germany: What was the GDR? By Peter Schwarz (World Socialist Web Site, 4 October 2010)
- Eyewitness to revolution. By Dennis Kosuth (International Socialist Review, Issue 71, May–June 2010 ). Review of Michael Meyer, The Year that Changed the World: The Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall (Scribner, 2009)
- The revolutions of 1989: bringing down the Wall (Socialist Worker, Issue 2176, 7 November 2009). Med links til fem kortere artikler.
"Gabi Engelhardt was a leading member of the underground left in East Germany when the Berlin Wall came down in November 1989. She spoke to Yuri Prasad about her experiences, and the unfinished business of the revolution that she and her comrades helped to initiate."
- Tema: 1989: The fall of the Wall (Socialism Today, Issue 133, November 2009)
Med links til fem artikler om DDR, Polen og USSR.
- The fall of the Berlin Wall: 20 years later. By Alan Woods (In Defence of Marxism, 9 November 2009)
"Twenty years ago as the Berlin Wall came tumbling down the bourgeoisie in the west was euphoric, rejoicing at the ’fall of communism’. Twenty years later things look very different as capitalism has entered its most severe crisis since 1929. Now a majority in former East Germany votes for the left and harks back to what was positive about the planned economy."
- The fall of the Berlin Wall. By Peter Schwarz (World Socialist Web Site, 9 November 2009)
"The contradiction between the official celebrations and the lack of public enthusiasm over the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall speaks volumes about the real significance of the events of November 1989."
- A short autumn of utopia: The East German revolution of 1989. By Gareth Dale (International Socialism, Issue 124, Autumn 2009, s.39-69)
"November marks the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, Which symbolised the collapse of the Eastern European regimes that many people viewed as socialist. Gareth Dale , who was in East Germany at the time, presents a different picture: that of a popular uprising against a variant of state capitalism."
- Stronger than the wall. By Mike Haynes (International Socialism, Issue 114, Spring 2007, s.191-194). Review of three books by Gareth Dale about the rise and fall of East Germany.
- Making revolution: The rebirth of East German socialism. By Ernest Mandel (The Village Voice, November 21, 1989)
"A combination of May ’68 in France and the Prague Spring, multiplied by two: That’s how you can summarize what is occurring at present in the German democratic revolution. It’s the beginning of a genuine revolution, a struggle to build a democratic, popular alternative to both communist oppression and free-market despotism."

Om stalinismens sammenbrud

- Revolutions of 1989 (Wikipedia.org)
- 1989: the fall of Stalinism. Part 103, - i: Neil Faulkner: A Marxist History of the World (Counterfire, 2 December 2012)
- The revolutions of 1989. By Alan Maass (SocialistWorker.org, November 12, 2009)
"The fall of the Berlin Wall 20 years ago was one crest in a wave of revolt that overturned governments across half of Europe at the end of 1989."
- 1989-2009: celebrations muted by the disappointments of the present. By Mike Haynes (Socialist Review, November 2009)
"What happened to the illusions that free market capitalism would bring democracy, social justice and equality to the societies of Eastern Europe?"
- Stalinism and after. By Peter Taaffe (Socialism Today, Issue 133, November 2009)
"The collapse of Stalinism was used in a global ideological offensive against socialism, which was unjustly equated with that dictatorial, bureaucratic system, to drive through brutal, neo-liberal capitalist policies worldwide."
- Revolts behind the ’iron curtain’ (SocialistWorker.org, November 6, 2009)
"Dennis Kosuth recounts the history of resistance that plagued the rulers of the Eastern bloc from the moment they established the regimes they falsely claimed were socialist."
- Socialism, Stalinism and Eastern Europe (SocialistWorker.org, November 3, 2009)
"Phil Gasper contrasts the so-called socialist regimes of Eastern Europe 20 years ago with the principles at the heart of the socialism movement historically."
- The fall of Stalinism in Eastern Europe (Workers’ Liberty, 3/25, 2009)
"The articles in this pamphlet issue document the attempts to understand those epoch-defining events, including the role and attitudes of the working class in the Stalinist states."
- 1989 and why we got it wrong (pdf). By Michael Cox (London School of Economics and Political Science/Working paper, 1/2000, 14 p.)
"This essay seeks to explain why ’we’ got it wrong by focusing in the main on how ’we’ in the West understood the Soviet system ... In conclusion I offer reflections on how the generally flawed understanding of the Soviet Union precluded the anticipation of Soviet collapse."
- The anti-Stalinist revolutions in Eastern Europe, 1989-90 (Workers Liberty, 26 April 2007)
"A collection of articles on solidarity with workers in Eastern Europe before the revolutions of 1989, and on those revolutions and the prospects they opened up."
- Theories of revolution in the light of 1989 in Eastern Europe: Marxism and the 1989 Revolution (pdf). By Colin Barker and Colin Mooers (Cultural Dynamics, Vol. 9, No.1, 1997, s.17-43)
"This paper explores several issues in the light of the events of 1989. What does ’revolution’ mean? What did and did not happen in 1989? What categories make sense of these events, and in what theoretical light should we read them?"
- The fall of Stalinism: ten years on. By Anthony Arnove (International Socialist Review, Issue 10, Winter 2000, s.43-52)
"By the end of 1991, Stalinist regimes that had seemed unshakable for decades were overthrown ... This was a tremendous victory for genuine socialism. But almost universally the opposite conclusion was drawn. Whether on the left or on the right, commentators treated 1989 and then 1991 as the ’triumph of capitalism’ and the ’death of Marxism’."
- The storm breaks: The crisis in the eastern bloc. By Chris Harman (International Socialism, Issue 46, Spring 1990, s.3-93)
"Those left wingers who believed that Russia and the Eastern European regimes were socialist societies are now demoralised ... Chris Harman argues against this pessimism, and shows that what we are seeing is not the destruction af socialism but the crisis of state capitalism."
- The struggle goes on. By Chris Harman (Socialist Worker Review, No.126, December 1989)
"Old governments have fallen like dominoes in Eastern Europe. From Warsaw to Prague, members of the old regimes have been forced to reassess their positions."

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Emneindex: Tyskland/Germany; + Historie/History
Placering: Modkraft.dk/Tidsskriftcentret/Linkboxe
Kort URL: linkweb.dk/murensfald
Emneord: muren i Berlin, berlinermuren, antifascistiske beskyttelsesvold, DDR, sammenbrud,
Variantord: berlinmure, DRD,